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THIS CASEBOOK contains a selection of U. S. Court of Appeals decisions that analyze, interpret, and apply provisions of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. Volume 2 of the casebook covers the Sixth through the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals.
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Title IX provides that "[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). The Supreme Court has identified sexual harassment, including student-on-student sexual harassment, as a form of sex discrimination for Title IX purposes. Davis v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 650, 119 S.Ct. 1661, 143 L.Ed.2d 839 (1999). The statute thus affords victims of student-on-student sexual harassment a private right of action for damages against educational institutions that receive federal funding. See Davis, 526 U.S. at 633, 119 S.Ct. 1661. This court treats peer sexual assault as a form of sex discrimination for Title IX purposes. See, e.g., K.T. v. Culver-Stockton Coll., 865 F.3d 1054, 1058-59 (8th Cir. 2017); Maher v. Iowa State Univ., 915 F.3d 1210, 1213 (8th Cir. 2019).
A student who sues an educational institution under Title IX may hold it liable but "only for its own misconduct." Davis, 526 U.S. at 640, 119 S.Ct. 1661. A plaintiff seeking to prove a Title IX violation in the wake of a peer sexual assault must establish that the institution was: (1) "deliberately indifferent," (2) "to known acts of discrimination," (3) "which occurred under its control." Pearson v. Logan Univ., 937 F.3d 1119, 1125 (8th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (cleaned up) (quoting Culver-Stockton Coll., 865 F.3d at 1057). A Title IX plaintiff is also required to show the discrimination was "so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it can be said to deprive the victim of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school." Id. (quoting Culver-Stockton Coll., 865 F.3d at 1057).
An institution is deliberately indifferent when its "response to the harassment or lack thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circumstances." Davis, 526 U.S. at 648, 119 S.Ct. 1661; see Doe v. Dardanelle Sch. Dist., 928 F.3d 722, 725 (8th Cir. 2019) (describing deliberate indifference as "a stringent standard of fault that cannot be predicated upon mere negligence" (quoting Doe v. Flaherty, 623 F.3d 577, 584 (8th Cir. 2010)). Critically, the institution's deliberate indifference must "cause[] students to undergo harassment" or "ma[ke] them liable or vulnerable to it." Davis, 526 U.S. at 645, 119 S.Ct. 1661; see Ostrander v. Duggan, 341 F.3d 745, 750 (8th Cir. 2003) (stating that the institution's deliberate indifference must "directly cause the abuse to occur or make students vulnerable to such abuse"). This requires a Title IX plaintiff to demonstrate a "causal nexus" between the college's conduct and the student's experience of sexual harassment or assault. Culver-Stockton Coll., 865 F.3d at 1058.

Shank v. Carleton College, 993 F. 3d 567 (8th Cir. 2021)

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